文身에 나타난 象徵性과 表現特性에 관한 硏究

Abstract

본 논문은 원시화장의 한 형태인 문신이 가지는 각 사회에서의 다양한 의미를 관찰해 보고, 미의 개념이란 영원불변의 개념이 아닌 사회적으로 형성되고 만들어지는 것이란 것을 인식하는데 그 의미가 있으며, 새로운 미의 표현 형태로서의 문신의 특성 및 현대사회에서 바디아트(Body Art)의 개념으로 다양하게 전개되는 문신의 표현특성을 파악하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 인간은 원시시대부터 현대에 이르기까지 자신의 신체를 통해 수많은 것을 표현하고자 했다. 원시종족은 신체장식을 통해 자신의 아름다움과 성적 매력을 과시하고자 하였고, 자신의 신분과 재산을 표시하기 위해, 때로는 주술적 종교적 행사를 위해 자신의 신체를 채색하거나 변형시키거나 훼손하였다. 그러나 문화가 발달하면서, 신체를 변형시키는 방법보다는 신체를 훼손하지 않고 자연 그대로 가꾸고자 하는 미의식이 발생함으로써 신체장식은 다소 의미가 축소되기에 이르렀다. 20세기말 포스트모더니즘적 사고가 사회 곳곳에 등장함에 따라, 이전까지만 하더라도 소외와 무관심의 대상이었던 것들이 새로운 가치를 부여 받으며 등장하기 시작했고, 이러한 사회적 무드 아래 인간의 몸과 문신에 대한 인식에도 변화가 일기 시작했다. 이런 관심은 인간의 신체를 대상으로 하여 인간의 내적 이미지의 세계를 표현하는 바디 아트(Body Art)라는 얼굴에서 신체로까지 미적 표현을 넓히는 새로운 예술을 형성하기에 이르렀으며, 그 중 문신은 시각적인 화려함과 함께 문신이 가지는 상징성으로 인해 다수의 사람들이 매력을 느끼고 시도하고 있다. 바디 아 (이후원문누락) 우리나라에서의 문신은 명백한 불법행위이다. 그러나 서구에서는 자기 표현의 한 방법으로서 신체에 다양한 형태로 행해지고 있다. 문신은 크게 미국식과 일본식으로 나뉘는데 미국식 문신이 문양 각각의 이미지를 표현하는데 반해, 일본식 문신은 한 사람의 예술가에 의해 만들어진 크기가 크고, 전체적인 조화를 중요시한다. 전통적인 문신에 나타나는 용, 잉어, 호랑이등은 의리와 명예등과 관련이 있으며, 장미, 나비둥은 성적 이미지 표현을 위해 많이 사용되어진다. 그리고, 해골은 삶의 덧없음을 상징하는 문양이라 볼 수 있다. 이렇게 다양하게 표현 되어지는 문신은 이제 더 이상 저급한 행위가 아닌 인간의 신체에 대한 주권을 찾아가려는 노력이라고 볼 수 있으며 신체에 행해지는 하나의 예술적인 활동, 즉 바디아트로 미래로 나아갈수록 우리에게 친숙한 신체에 행해지는 화장의 형태로 변화 될 것이다. 문신을 한 마디로 정의하기란 어려운 일이다. 인간의 육체는 인간의 본능보다는 사회적 기준에 따라 치장 되어져 왔다. 과거의 부정적이었던 문신의 개념은 현대 사회에서, 그리고 미래로 나아갈수록 그 가치를 인정 받을 것이다. 그리고 얼굴에만 행해지던 메이크업의 영역이 신체로 확대되면서 바디아트의 중요성은 보다 더 강조 되어진다고 본다. 본 논문은, 바디아트로서의 문신이 새로운 예술형태로 자리매김하려는 시점에서 하나의 시도이며 앞으로 보다 더 다양하고 구체적인 후속 연구들이 학문적 차원에서 계속 추진되어야 할 것으로 본다.|The meaning of this thesis is in trying to obseue diverse meanings in each society that tattooing which is one form of primitive makeup has and in recognizing that the concept of beauty is what is formed and made socially which is not eternally unchanging concept, and the goal of it is to grasp the feature of tattooing as the expression form of new beauty and the expression feature of tattooing to be unfolded diversely with the concept of body art in modern society. Human beings tried to express numerous things through their own body up to modern times since primitive period. Primitive race tried to display their own beauty and sexual fascination through body decoration, and they colored or transformed or damaged their own body for indicating their own social position and fortune or sometimes for incantational religious event. But, according as the aesthetic sense to try to decorate body as it is naturally without damaging body appeared than the method to transform body as culture developed, the meaning of body decoration came to be reduced more or less. As postmodernism thinking appeared everywhere in society at the end of the 20th century, what were the subjects of alienation and disinterest in former times started to appeared, getting new value. Under this social mood, change started to arise in the recognition about the body and tattooing of human beings also. This interest came to form new art to widen aesthetic expression from face to body which is referred to as body art to express the world of inner image of human beings on the body of human beings. And, as for tattooing out of it, many people feel fascination and they are trying it because of the symbolical nature that tattooing has with visual gorgeousness. As for tattooing out of body art, this researcher thinks that it will widen the power to new mankind as the makeup technique to be preferred all the more, as we advance to future society, because of the special beauty, The study method of this thesis progressed centering around diverse internal and external literature and preceding study data about society, culture, art and fashion and diverse internal and external literature, internet and magazine etc. about tattooing, and this researcher presented the photoes in internal and external literature, intenet and magazine as visual data by considering that study subiect to be tattooing is essentially visual subject. Findings about symbolical nature and expression feature which appeared in tattooing may be summarized as follows: first, tattooing performed the role actively in primitive period as one form of primitive makeup. In primitive society, tattooing was used as the symbol of mark of race. Tattooing was used for the distinction between their own race and other race, and they shared their own pattern. And, tattooing was the symbol to mean rebirth from biological human beings to social human beings. They could endure pain to be added to body, overcome themselves, and receive recognition as social human beings by tattooing. And, they tried to be protected from nature and disease by tattooing, and it was utilized positively as the means for displaying their own beauty. As the asethetic sense of mankind came to seek the beauty to conserve and make up body than the decoration method to transform body, and as tattooing was used as the means to show crime, tattooing came to be isolated from mass. Thus, in modern society, tattooing came to have socially negative recognition. In examining the social concept change of this tattooing, it can be seen that the form of beauty doesn't exist constantly at all times in the history of mankind. That is, it can be seen that beauty that we think is not what is held in constant frame but what is made socially. Tattooing in our country is manifest illegal action. However, in the West, it is being acted into diverse forms on body as one method of self-expression. Tattooing is classified into American style and Japanese style greatly. Then, the tattooing of American style expresses each image of pattern, whereas the tattooing of Japanese style takes serious view of large size and whole harmony to be made by one artist. Dragon, carp, and tiger etc. to appear in traditional tattooing have relation with justice and fame etc. And, rose and butterfly etc. are used much for sexual image expression. And, skeleton may be regarded as the pattern to symbolize the emptiness of life. Tattooing to be expressed diversely like this may be regarded as the efforts to try to find the sovereignty about the body of human beings which is not low-class action any more, and it will change into the form of makeup to be acted on body which is familiar with us as we advance to future as one artistic activity to be acted on body, that is, body art. It is difficult to define tattooing in a word. The body of human beings has been made up in accordance with social standard than human instinct. As for the concept of tattooing which was negative in the past, the value will be recognized in modern society and as we advance to future. And, this researcher thinks that the importance on body art is emphasized all the more, as the domain of makeup which was acted only on face is expanded to body. This researcher thinks that tattooing as body art is one trial at the point of time when it tries to settle as new art form and that more diverse and concrete succeeding studies will have to be promoted continuously in academic dimension in the future, in this thesis.